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elisa kit  (Boster Bio)


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    Boster Bio elisa kit
    Elisa Kit, supplied by Boster Bio, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 495 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/human+il+6+elisa+kit/Human+IL-6%2FInterleukin-6+ELISA+Kit+PicoKine/pmc13092847-69-59-74
    Average 95 stars, based on 495 article reviews
    elisa kit - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Transfection:

    Article Title: Pro-inflammatory effects of endogenous and recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 with RGD peptide on human hepatic stellate cells.
    Article Snippet: .. Nearly 48 h after LX-2 cell transfection and treatment with plasmids and IL-24 protein, respectively, the culture supernatants were collected for measurement of the released IL-6 by a human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Pleasanton, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. .. The final absorbance was read at 450 nm by the ELISA reader using a FLUO star OMEGA microplate reader and software (BMG Labtech Ltd., Aylesbury, UK), and the concentration of IL-6 protein was assessed compared with a standard curve.

    Article Title: Pro-inflammatory effects of endogenous and recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 with RGD peptide on human hepatic stellate cells
    Article Snippet: .. Nearly 48 h after LX-2 cell transfection and treatment with plasmids and IL-24 protein, respectively, the culture supernatants were collected for measurement of the released IL-6 by a human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Pleasanton, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. .. The final absorbance was read at 450 nm by the ELISA reader using a FLUO star OMEGA microplate reader and software (BMG Labtech Ltd., Aylesbury, UK), and the concentration of IL-6 protein was assessed compared with a standard curve.

    Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:

    Article Title: Pro-inflammatory effects of endogenous and recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 with RGD peptide on human hepatic stellate cells.
    Article Snippet: .. Nearly 48 h after LX-2 cell transfection and treatment with plasmids and IL-24 protein, respectively, the culture supernatants were collected for measurement of the released IL-6 by a human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Pleasanton, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. .. The final absorbance was read at 450 nm by the ELISA reader using a FLUO star OMEGA microplate reader and software (BMG Labtech Ltd., Aylesbury, UK), and the concentration of IL-6 protein was assessed compared with a standard curve.

    Article Title: Isoginkgetin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer by inducing oxidative stress and regulating M1 macrophage polarization
    Article Snippet: .. The culture medium of macrophages was collected for the subsequent human IL-6 ELISA Kit (EK0410, Boster Biological Technology, Wuhan, China) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ELISA Kit (EK0525, Boster Biological Technology). ..

    Article Title: Pro-inflammatory effects of endogenous and recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 with RGD peptide on human hepatic stellate cells.
    Article Snippet: The RevertAidTM First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Catalog Number: K1622) was supplied by Fermentas Inc. .. The RealQ Plus 2 × Master Mix (Catalog Number: A323402) Green was sourced from Ampliqon Inc. Additionally, the human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Plate Number: EK0410) was obtained from Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., located in Pleasanton, California, USA. ..

    Article Title: Pro-inflammatory effects of endogenous and recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 with RGD peptide on human hepatic stellate cells
    Article Snippet: The RevertAidTM First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Catalog Number: K1622) was supplied by Fermentas Inc. .. The RealQ Plus 2 × Master Mix (Catalog Number: A323402) Green was sourced from Ampliqon Inc. Additionally, the human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Plate Number: EK0410) was obtained from Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., located in Pleasanton, California, USA. ..

    Article Title: Pro-inflammatory effects of endogenous and recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 with RGD peptide on human hepatic stellate cells
    Article Snippet: .. Nearly 48 h after LX-2 cell transfection and treatment with plasmids and IL-24 protein, respectively, the culture supernatants were collected for measurement of the released IL-6 by a human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Pleasanton, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. .. The final absorbance was read at 450 nm by the ELISA reader using a FLUO star OMEGA microplate reader and software (BMG Labtech Ltd., Aylesbury, UK), and the concentration of IL-6 protein was assessed compared with a standard curve.

    Article Title: IL-6/KIAA1429 promotes ferroptosis resistance in endometrial cancer through m6A modification of DDIT3.
    Article Snippet: Endometrial cancer (EC) exhibits significant resistance to ferroptosis.. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is a regulator of the expression of various oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.. Notably, N6methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been demonstrated to play a significant role in tumour occurrence and development.

    Article Title: Kaempferol attenuates hyperuricemia combined with gouty arthritis via urate transporters and NLRP3/NF-κB pathway modulation
    Article Snippet: Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit , Boster Bio Technology , Cat# EK0411. .. Human IL-6 ELISA Kit , Boster Bio Technology , Cat# EK0410. ..

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    Clinical Proteomics:

    Article Title: IL-6/KIAA1429 promotes ferroptosis resistance in endometrial cancer through m6A modification of DDIT3.
    Article Snippet: Endometrial cancer (EC) exhibits significant resistance to ferroptosis.. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is a regulator of the expression of various oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.. Notably, N6methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been demonstrated to play a significant role in tumour occurrence and development.

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    Membrane:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    CCK-8 Assay:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    cDNA Synthesis:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    High Performance Liquid Chromatography:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    Mass Spectrometry:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..

    Chromatography:

    Article Title: Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the interleukin-6-mediated regulation of trophoblast function in preeclampsia.
    Article Snippet: .. Main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used The main cell lines, reagents, and equipment used for our study were as follows: HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts (gifted by Duke University and successfully cultured); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Procell); transwell-24 well membrane (Corning); matrigel (base glue; (BD)); cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo); crystal violet (Beijing Soleibao Technology Co., Ltd.); 4% paraformaldehyde in DEPC water (Servicebio); fetal bovine serum (PAN biotech); 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) (Gibco); IL-6 (PeproTech); human IL-6 ELISA Kit (Boster); SweScrip RT I First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Servicebio); qPCR Mix (CWBIO); qPCR instrument (CG-02/05, Roche 480, ABI 7500); cell culture plate (Corning); microplate reader (Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd.); high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC EASYnLC1200, Thermo Scientific, USA); mass spectrometer (Q Exactive HFX, Thermo Scientific, USA); and Chromatography columns: XBridge BEH C18 XP column (15 cm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) and ReprosilPur 120 C18AQ column (100 μm ID × 15 cm, 1.9 μm; Dr. Maisch, Germany). ..



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    95/100 stars
    		  Buy from Supplier
    e el h6156  (Elabscience Biotechnology)
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    Elabscience Biotechnology e el h6156
    H1N1 infection affects cell viability, inflammatory cytokine secretion and interactions between HBEpiCs and THP-1 cells. (A) CCK-8 assay revealed that HBEpiC viability decreased in a concentration-dependent manner following H1N1 infection. (B) ELISA revealed that the levels of IL-1β, <t>IL-6,</t> TNF-α, and IL-8 in HBEpiCs decreased with increasing H1N1 infection. (C) CCK-8 assay indicated that supernatants from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures reduced the viability of THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (D) ELISA results suggested that the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8) in THP-1 cells were decreased following exposure to supernatants from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures. (E) Cell adhesion assay revealed that the number of THP-1 cells adhering to HBEpiCs increased with increasing H1N1 concentration (scale bar, 10 μ m). Arrow indicates THP-1 cells that remain attached to the surface of HBEpiCs, highlighting the adhesion interaction between the two cell types. (F) Transwell assay suggested that H1N1 infection enhanced the migration capacity of THP-1 cells, with increased migration observed at higher virus concentrations (scale bar, 50 μ m). The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 vs. control. H1N1, influenza A; HBEpiCs, human bronchial epithelial cells; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Con, control; MOI, multiplicity of infection.
    E El H6156, supplied by Elabscience Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/human+il+6+elisa+kit/Human+IL-6+(Interleukin+6)+ELISA+Kit/pmc13049686-152-25-27
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    e el h6156 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
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    3-HPA inhibits the secretion of inflammatory factors and glycolysis in macrophages (A and B) Schematic diagram of THP-1 cell (A) and BMDMs (B) activation into pro-inflammatory macrophages. Created with BioRender.com. (C) The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in THP-1 cell supernatants were quantified by ELISA after 24 h treatment with LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (D) The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in supernatants of THP-1 cells treated with different concentrations of 3-HPA (0, 0.625, 1.25, 5 mM) followed by LPS stimulation. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001. (E) The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in BMDM cell supernatants were quantified by ELISA after 24 h treatment with LPS (100 ng/mL) or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (F) Bubble plot of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes between LPS (100 ng/mL) and LPS+3-HPA (5 mM) treated in THP-1 cells. The size of each bubble represents the number of differentially expressed genes, and the color indicates the enrichment factor. (G and H) Pyruvate and lactate levels in THP-1 cells (G) and BMDMs (H) treated with LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). (I) Immunoblots of protein expression levels of HK, GAPDH, PKM, and LDHA in THP-1 cells treated with LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM), and quantitative results of GAPDH. (J) The mRNA levels of GAPDH in THP-1 cells treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). (K) GAPDH activity assay in THP-1 cells and BMDMs treated with PBS, LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). Data in (G–K) are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

    Journal: iScience

    Article Title: 3-Hydroxypropionic acid converts inflammatory macrophage glycolysis into mitochondrial oxidation through GAPDH carboxyethylation

    doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116258

    Figure Lengend Snippet: 3-HPA inhibits the secretion of inflammatory factors and glycolysis in macrophages (A and B) Schematic diagram of THP-1 cell (A) and BMDMs (B) activation into pro-inflammatory macrophages. Created with BioRender.com. (C) The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in THP-1 cell supernatants were quantified by ELISA after 24 h treatment with LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (D) The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in supernatants of THP-1 cells treated with different concentrations of 3-HPA (0, 0.625, 1.25, 5 mM) followed by LPS stimulation. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001. (E) The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in BMDM cell supernatants were quantified by ELISA after 24 h treatment with LPS (100 ng/mL) or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (F) Bubble plot of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes between LPS (100 ng/mL) and LPS+3-HPA (5 mM) treated in THP-1 cells. The size of each bubble represents the number of differentially expressed genes, and the color indicates the enrichment factor. (G and H) Pyruvate and lactate levels in THP-1 cells (G) and BMDMs (H) treated with LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). (I) Immunoblots of protein expression levels of HK, GAPDH, PKM, and LDHA in THP-1 cells treated with LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM), and quantitative results of GAPDH. (J) The mRNA levels of GAPDH in THP-1 cells treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). (K) GAPDH activity assay in THP-1 cells and BMDMs treated with PBS, LPS (100 ng/mL), or LPS+3-HPA (5 mM). Data in (G–K) are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

    Article Snippet: Human IL-6 Precoated ELISA Kit , Dakewe , 1110602.

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Activity Assay

    3-HPA enhances the metabolite content of the TCA cycle and mitochondrial oxidation (A) Schematic diagram of THP-1 with 2-DG treatment. Created with BioRender.com. (B) Concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in supernatants of THP-1 cells treated with LPS, LPS+3-HPA, LPS+2-DG, or LPS+3-HPA+2-DG. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. (C) Schematic diagram of THP-1 with high glucose treatment. Created with BioRender.com. (D) Concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in supernatants of THP-1 cells treated with LPS+3-HPA, LPS+3-HPA+glucose. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired Student’s t test with ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of metabolic pathways in BMDM cells treated with LPS or LPS+3-HPA. (F) Relative abundance of metabolite (ornithine, citrulline, L-malate, succinic acid, trans-aconitic acid, cis-aconitic acid) in BMDM cells treated with LPS or LPS+3-HPA. Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired Student’s t test with ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01. (G) Correlation network of metabolites and genes in the metabolic pathway. Nodes represent metabolites (blue squares) and genes (colored circles). Gray edges indicate pairwise correlations between metabolites and genes. The colors similarly represent expression levels, with red typically indicating higher expression and blue indicating lower expression compared to the mean. (H) Schematic diagram of arginine metabolism and the TCA cycle. (I) Heatmap of mitochondrial oxidation-related gene expression associated with differentially expressed metabolites. Red indicates relatively high gene expression, while blue indicates relatively low gene expression within each row. (J) Schematic diagram of the catalytic function of the GAPDH enzyme. (K) Concentrations of the NAD + /NADH ratio in THP-1 cells and BMDM cells treated with PBS, LPS, or LPS+3-HPA. Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; (L) ATP concentrations in THP-1 cells and BMDMs treated with PBS, LPS, or LPS+3-HPA. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. (M) Representative images and mitochondrial analysis of BMDM cells treated with PBS, LPS, or LPS+3-HPA. Scale bars, 1 μm (upper) and 0.25 μm (lower). For mitochondrial number, n = 8–12 ( n = 12 for PBS, n = 8 for LPS, n = 9 for LPS+3-HPA group).

    Journal: iScience

    Article Title: 3-Hydroxypropionic acid converts inflammatory macrophage glycolysis into mitochondrial oxidation through GAPDH carboxyethylation

    doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116258

    Figure Lengend Snippet: 3-HPA enhances the metabolite content of the TCA cycle and mitochondrial oxidation (A) Schematic diagram of THP-1 with 2-DG treatment. Created with BioRender.com. (B) Concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in supernatants of THP-1 cells treated with LPS, LPS+3-HPA, LPS+2-DG, or LPS+3-HPA+2-DG. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. (C) Schematic diagram of THP-1 with high glucose treatment. Created with BioRender.com. (D) Concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in supernatants of THP-1 cells treated with LPS+3-HPA, LPS+3-HPA+glucose. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired Student’s t test with ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of metabolic pathways in BMDM cells treated with LPS or LPS+3-HPA. (F) Relative abundance of metabolite (ornithine, citrulline, L-malate, succinic acid, trans-aconitic acid, cis-aconitic acid) in BMDM cells treated with LPS or LPS+3-HPA. Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired Student’s t test with ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01. (G) Correlation network of metabolites and genes in the metabolic pathway. Nodes represent metabolites (blue squares) and genes (colored circles). Gray edges indicate pairwise correlations between metabolites and genes. The colors similarly represent expression levels, with red typically indicating higher expression and blue indicating lower expression compared to the mean. (H) Schematic diagram of arginine metabolism and the TCA cycle. (I) Heatmap of mitochondrial oxidation-related gene expression associated with differentially expressed metabolites. Red indicates relatively high gene expression, while blue indicates relatively low gene expression within each row. (J) Schematic diagram of the catalytic function of the GAPDH enzyme. (K) Concentrations of the NAD + /NADH ratio in THP-1 cells and BMDM cells treated with PBS, LPS, or LPS+3-HPA. Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; (L) ATP concentrations in THP-1 cells and BMDMs treated with PBS, LPS, or LPS+3-HPA. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. (M) Representative images and mitochondrial analysis of BMDM cells treated with PBS, LPS, or LPS+3-HPA. Scale bars, 1 μm (upper) and 0.25 μm (lower). For mitochondrial number, n = 8–12 ( n = 12 for PBS, n = 8 for LPS, n = 9 for LPS+3-HPA group).

    Article Snippet: Human IL-6 Precoated ELISA Kit , Dakewe , 1110602.

    Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression

    GAPDH carboxyethylation inhibited macrophage glycolysis and the release of inflammatory factors (A) Schematic workflow illustrating the strategy of silencing endogenous GAPDH via 3′UTR-targeting siRNA and overexpressing exogenous GAPDH. (B) Immunoblot and quantitative analysis of GAPDH protein in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR-targeting siRNAs (siGAPDH 1, siGAPDH 2) or siRNA NC. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗∗p < 0.01. (C) Relative mRNA expression of GAPDH in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR-targeting siRNAs (siGAPDH 1, siGAPDH 2) or siRNA NC. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (D) Immunoblot analysis of FLAG-tagged exogenous GAPDH(E) and GAPDH in 293 T cells. Knockdown of endogenous GAPDH with siRNA followed by the overexpression of GAPDH (E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05; ns, not significant. (E) Relative mRNA expression of GAPDH in 293 T cells knockdowned endogenous GAPDH (siGAPDH) and overexpressed GAPDH (C) and GAPDH (E), respectively. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (F) GAPDH activity assay in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR siRNA, and overexpressing GAPDH(C), GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. (G) Concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR siRNA, and overexpressing GAPDH(C), GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (H) Relative mRNA expression of IL-6 , TNF-α , and IL-1β in THP-1 cells which transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR siRNA, and overexpressing GAPDH(C) or GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (I) The concentration of TNF-α in THP-1 cells that overexpressed GAPDH(C) or GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

    Journal: iScience

    Article Title: 3-Hydroxypropionic acid converts inflammatory macrophage glycolysis into mitochondrial oxidation through GAPDH carboxyethylation

    doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116258

    Figure Lengend Snippet: GAPDH carboxyethylation inhibited macrophage glycolysis and the release of inflammatory factors (A) Schematic workflow illustrating the strategy of silencing endogenous GAPDH via 3′UTR-targeting siRNA and overexpressing exogenous GAPDH. (B) Immunoblot and quantitative analysis of GAPDH protein in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR-targeting siRNAs (siGAPDH 1, siGAPDH 2) or siRNA NC. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗∗p < 0.01. (C) Relative mRNA expression of GAPDH in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR-targeting siRNAs (siGAPDH 1, siGAPDH 2) or siRNA NC. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (D) Immunoblot analysis of FLAG-tagged exogenous GAPDH(E) and GAPDH in 293 T cells. Knockdown of endogenous GAPDH with siRNA followed by the overexpression of GAPDH (E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05; ns, not significant. (E) Relative mRNA expression of GAPDH in 293 T cells knockdowned endogenous GAPDH (siGAPDH) and overexpressed GAPDH (C) and GAPDH (E), respectively. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (F) GAPDH activity assay in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR siRNA, and overexpressing GAPDH(C), GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. (G) Concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in 293 T cells transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR siRNA, and overexpressing GAPDH(C), GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 4 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. (H) Relative mRNA expression of IL-6 , TNF-α , and IL-1β in THP-1 cells which transfected with GAPDH 3′UTR siRNA, and overexpressing GAPDH(C) or GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (I) The concentration of TNF-α in THP-1 cells that overexpressed GAPDH(C) or GAPDH(E). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

    Article Snippet: Human IL-6 Precoated ELISA Kit , Dakewe , 1110602.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Transfection, Expressing, Knockdown, Over Expression, Activity Assay, Concentration Assay

    H1N1 infection affects cell viability, inflammatory cytokine secretion and interactions between HBEpiCs and THP-1 cells. (A) CCK-8 assay revealed that HBEpiC viability decreased in a concentration-dependent manner following H1N1 infection. (B) ELISA revealed that the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 in HBEpiCs decreased with increasing H1N1 infection. (C) CCK-8 assay indicated that supernatants from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures reduced the viability of THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (D) ELISA results suggested that the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8) in THP-1 cells were decreased following exposure to supernatants from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures. (E) Cell adhesion assay revealed that the number of THP-1 cells adhering to HBEpiCs increased with increasing H1N1 concentration (scale bar, 10 μ m). Arrow indicates THP-1 cells that remain attached to the surface of HBEpiCs, highlighting the adhesion interaction between the two cell types. (F) Transwell assay suggested that H1N1 infection enhanced the migration capacity of THP-1 cells, with increased migration observed at higher virus concentrations (scale bar, 50 μ m). The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 vs. control. H1N1, influenza A; HBEpiCs, human bronchial epithelial cells; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Con, control; MOI, multiplicity of infection.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

    Article Title: Triptolide exerts antiviral effects and alleviates influenza A-induced pneumonia by inhibiting the overactivation of absent in melanoma 2 signaling in immune cells

    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5829

    Figure Lengend Snippet: H1N1 infection affects cell viability, inflammatory cytokine secretion and interactions between HBEpiCs and THP-1 cells. (A) CCK-8 assay revealed that HBEpiC viability decreased in a concentration-dependent manner following H1N1 infection. (B) ELISA revealed that the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 in HBEpiCs decreased with increasing H1N1 infection. (C) CCK-8 assay indicated that supernatants from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures reduced the viability of THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (D) ELISA results suggested that the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8) in THP-1 cells were decreased following exposure to supernatants from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures. (E) Cell adhesion assay revealed that the number of THP-1 cells adhering to HBEpiCs increased with increasing H1N1 concentration (scale bar, 10 μ m). Arrow indicates THP-1 cells that remain attached to the surface of HBEpiCs, highlighting the adhesion interaction between the two cell types. (F) Transwell assay suggested that H1N1 infection enhanced the migration capacity of THP-1 cells, with increased migration observed at higher virus concentrations (scale bar, 50 μ m). The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 vs. control. H1N1, influenza A; HBEpiCs, human bronchial epithelial cells; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Con, control; MOI, multiplicity of infection.

    Article Snippet: Cell supernatants were collected and analyzed using Human TNF-α High Sensitivity ELISA Kit [cat. no. EK182HS; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.], Human IL-8 ELISA Kit [cat. no. EK108; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.], a human IL-1β ELISA kit [EH0185; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.] and IL-6 [cat. no. EK1217; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.] according to the manufacturer's instructions.

    Techniques: Infection, CCK-8 Assay, Concentration Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Cell Adhesion Assay, Transwell Assay, Migration, Virus, Standard Deviation, Control

    TP modulates the inflammatory response and immune cell activity in H1N1-infected HBEpiCs and THP-1 cells. (A) No significant changes were observed in HBEpiCs treated with various concentrations of TP (5, 10 and 20 nM) following H1N1 infection compared with the control. (B) After TP treatment, the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8 in HBEpiCs were markedly lower than those in the untreated group. (C) The viability of THP-1 cells pretreated with H1N1-infected HBEpiC culture supernatant decreased after TP treatment. (D) The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 in THP-1 cells were markedly lower after TP treatment. (E) The adhesion of THP-1 cells to HBEpiCs induced by H1N1 infection decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing TP concentration (scale bar, 10 μ m). Arrow indicates THP-1 cells that remain attached to the surface of HBEpiCs, highlighting the adhesion interaction between the two cell types. (F) The migration capacity of THP-1 cells was markedly reduced when the supernatant from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures was treated with TP (scale bar, 50 μ m). The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 vs. control. TP, triptolide; H1N1, influenza A; HBEpiCs, human bronchial epithelial cells; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Con, control.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

    Article Title: Triptolide exerts antiviral effects and alleviates influenza A-induced pneumonia by inhibiting the overactivation of absent in melanoma 2 signaling in immune cells

    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5829

    Figure Lengend Snippet: TP modulates the inflammatory response and immune cell activity in H1N1-infected HBEpiCs and THP-1 cells. (A) No significant changes were observed in HBEpiCs treated with various concentrations of TP (5, 10 and 20 nM) following H1N1 infection compared with the control. (B) After TP treatment, the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8 in HBEpiCs were markedly lower than those in the untreated group. (C) The viability of THP-1 cells pretreated with H1N1-infected HBEpiC culture supernatant decreased after TP treatment. (D) The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 in THP-1 cells were markedly lower after TP treatment. (E) The adhesion of THP-1 cells to HBEpiCs induced by H1N1 infection decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing TP concentration (scale bar, 10 μ m). Arrow indicates THP-1 cells that remain attached to the surface of HBEpiCs, highlighting the adhesion interaction between the two cell types. (F) The migration capacity of THP-1 cells was markedly reduced when the supernatant from H1N1-infected HBEpiC cultures was treated with TP (scale bar, 50 μ m). The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 vs. control. TP, triptolide; H1N1, influenza A; HBEpiCs, human bronchial epithelial cells; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Con, control.

    Article Snippet: Cell supernatants were collected and analyzed using Human TNF-α High Sensitivity ELISA Kit [cat. no. EK182HS; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.], Human IL-8 ELISA Kit [cat. no. EK108; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.], a human IL-1β ELISA kit [EH0185; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.] and IL-6 [cat. no. EK1217; Hangzhou Multi Sciences (Lianke) Biotech Co., Ltd.] according to the manufacturer's instructions.

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Infection, Control, Concentration Assay, Migration, Standard Deviation